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Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science that deals with the study of energy, heat, work, and their transformations. It explains how energy moves between systems and how it affects matter, particularly in terms of temperature, pressure, and volume changes.
At its core, thermodynamics is concerned with understanding the laws that govern energy conversion—especially how heat energy can be transformed into mechanical work and vice versa. It provides the foundation for analyzing engines, refrigerators, power plants, and many industrial processes.
Thermodynamics is built on four fundamental laws:
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
Establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium. It states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. - First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation):
States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The increase in internal energy of a system equals the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q – WΔU=Q−W - Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Defines the direction of heat transfer and introduces the concept of entropy. It states that heat naturally flows from a hotter body to a colder one and that no process can be 100% efficient in converting heat into work. - Third Law of Thermodynamics:
States that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value (often zero).
In engineering, thermodynamics is essential for designing and analyzing systems such as engines, turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, and refrigeration units. It helps engineers optimize performance, improve efficiency, and ensure energy conservation in all forms of thermal and mechanical processes
